​Example 1

📖 Reading Passage

The Long-Term Effects of Sleep Deprivation

In contemporary societies, reduced sleep duration has become increasingly common. Demanding work schedules, digital entertainment, and constant connectivity have contributed to widespread sleep restriction. Although many individuals consider sleep loss a minor inconvenience, medical researchers warn that persistent sleep reduction can have profound physiological and cognitive consequences.

One of the most immediate effects of insufficient sleep is impaired attentional capacity. Individuals who consistently obtain fewer than the recommended hours demonstrate slower reaction times and decreased accuracy in complex tasks. Over time, this decline in attentional functioning may compromise workplace productivity and academic performance.

Chronic sleep restriction also influences emotional stability. Studies suggest that individuals experiencing ongoing sleep insufficiency exhibit heightened irritability and exaggerated responses to negative stimuli. Neuroimaging research indicates that sleep loss increases activity in brain regions associated with emotional reactivity, while simultaneously reducing regulatory control from the prefrontal cortex.

Beyond cognitive and emotional changes, sleep deprivation disrupts metabolic regulation. Inadequate sleep alters glucose processing and appetite-related hormones, potentially increasing susceptibility to weight gain and type 2 diabetes. Longitudinal studies have further linked persistent short sleep duration with elevated cardiovascular risk.

Importantly, recovery sleep does not fully reverse accumulated deficits. While a single night of extended rest may temporarily improve alertness, it does not eliminate the broader health implications of long-term deprivation. Experts therefore emphasise the necessity of maintaining consistent and sufficient nightly sleep as a preventive health measure.


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📝 Questions 14–19

Complete the summary below.

Choose the correct letter A–I from the box.


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Summary

Ongoing sleep reduction can negatively affect 14) ______ performance by weakening the ability to concentrate. It may also lead to increased emotional 15) ______ due to stronger reactions to unpleasant situations. Furthermore, insufficient rest interferes with the body’s 16) ______ processes, raising the likelihood of obesity and diabetes. Research suggests a connection between limited sleep and greater 17) ______ danger. Although extra sleep may briefly enhance 18) ______, it does not completely remove long-term health 19) ______.


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Options

A. alertness
B. academic
C. metabolic
D. cardiovascular
E. instability
F. academic
G. vulnerability
H. neurological
I. consequences

(One option is not needed.)


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✅ Answers

14. B


15. E


16. C


17. D


18. A


19. I




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🔎 Detailed Synonym-Based Analysis


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Question 14

🔑 Keyword: concentrate
📍 Paragraph 2

📖 Text: “impaired attentional capacity”
📖 Text: “academic performance”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
attentional capacity → ability to concentrate
academic performance → academic performance

⚠️ The summary says “affect ___ performance.”
The passage says “academic performance.”
But the word “academic” is never used in the summary sentence context.

🎯 Correct Answer: B (academic)


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Question 15

🔑 Keyword: stronger reactions
📍 Paragraph 3

📖 Text: “heightened irritability and exaggerated responses”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
exaggerated responses → emotional instability

The word “instability” does NOT appear in the text.

🎯 Correct Answer: E (instability)


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Question 16

🔑 Keyword: body’s processes
📍 Paragraph 4

📖 Text: “disrupts metabolic regulation”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
regulation → processes
metabolic regulation → metabolic processes

“metabolic processes” never appears directly.

🎯 Correct Answer: C (metabolic)


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Question 17

🔑 Keyword: danger
📍 Paragraph 4

📖 Text: “elevated cardiovascular risk”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
risk → danger
cardiovascular risk → cardiovascular danger

The word “danger” does NOT appear in the passage.

🎯 Correct Answer: D (cardiovascular)


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Question 18

🔑 Keyword: briefly enhance
📍 Paragraph 5

📖 Text: “temporarily improve alertness”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
temporarily → briefly
improve → enhance

“enhance alertness” never appears in the text.

🎯 Correct Answer: A (alertness)


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Question 19

🔑 Keyword: long-term health
📍 Paragraph 5

📖 Text: “broader health implications”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
implications → consequences

The word “consequences” is not in the passage.

🎯 Correct Answer: I (consequences)




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Example 2
📖 Reading Passage

The Rise of Plant-Based Diets

In recent years, dietary patterns have shifted significantly in many industrialised nations. A growing number of individuals are reducing their consumption of animal-derived products, motivated by concerns related to health, environmental sustainability, and animal welfare. Although vegetarianism has existed for centuries, the modern surge in plant-focused eating reflects broader social and scientific influences.

Medical researchers have reported associations between high intake of processed meat and increased incidence of chronic illness. Conversely, diets rich in legumes, whole grains, and vegetables are correlated with improved cardiovascular markers and lower body mass index. While causation remains complex, the evidence suggests that dietary composition plays a substantial role in long-term wellbeing.

Environmental analysts argue that livestock farming places considerable strain on natural resources. Meat production requires extensive land use, significant water consumption, and generates high levels of greenhouse gas emissions. By contrast, plant cultivation generally demands fewer inputs and produces a smaller ecological footprint.

Ethical considerations also contribute to changing dietary choices. Documentaries and investigative journalism have exposed conditions within industrial farming systems, prompting some consumers to reconsider their purchasing habits. As awareness increases, alternative protein markets — including plant-based meat substitutes — have expanded rapidly.

Despite its advantages, a plant-based diet requires thoughtful planning. Individuals who eliminate animal products without proper nutritional knowledge may risk deficiencies in certain micronutrients, including vitamin B12 and iron. Health professionals therefore recommend balanced meal design to ensure adequate nutrient intake.

Overall, the movement toward plant-based eating appears to reflect a convergence of scientific evidence, environmental awareness, and moral reflection. Whether this trend will produce lasting global dietary transformation remains to be seen.


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📝 Questions 14–19

Complete the summary below.

Choose the correct letter A–J from the box.


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Summary

The increasing popularity of plant-focused diets is influenced by health, ecological, and 14) ______ concerns. Research links heavy consumption of processed meat to long-term 15) ______ conditions, whereas plant-rich diets are connected to improved heart indicators. Animal agriculture is criticised for placing pressure on natural 16) ______ and contributing to atmospheric pollution. Ethical awareness has also affected consumer 17) ______. However, removing animal products without careful planning may lead to vitamin and mineral 18) ______. Experts emphasise the importance of maintaining nutritional 19) ______.


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Options

A. morality
B. stability
C. deficiencies
D. behaviour
E. resources
F. chronic
G. responsibility
H. balance
I. emissions
J. illness

(One option is not needed.)


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✅ Answers

14. A


15. J


16. E


17. D


18. C


19. H




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🔎 Detailed Paraphrase Analysis


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Question 14

🔑 Keyword: concerns
📍 Paragraph 1

📖 Text: “animal welfare”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
animal welfare → moral concern
ethical consideration → morality

The word morality does NOT appear in the passage.

🎯 Correct Answer: A (morality)


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Question 15

🔑 Keyword: long-term conditions
📍 Paragraph 2

📖 Text: “chronic illness”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
chronic → long-term
illness → condition

The word illness appears, but the correct answer is J (illness) used to match “conditions.”
The summary says “long-term ___ conditions.”

So:
chronic illness → long-term illness

🎯 Correct Answer: J (illness)


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Question 16

🔑 Keyword: pressure on natural
📍 Paragraph 3

📖 Text: “strain on natural resources”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
strain → pressure
natural resources → natural resources

The word “resources” appears in text, but “pressure on natural resources” does NOT appear as a phrase.

🎯 Correct Answer: E (resources)


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Question 17

🔑 Keyword: consumer
📍 Paragraph 4

📖 Text: “reconsider their purchasing habits”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
purchasing habits → consumer behaviour

The word “behaviour” does NOT appear in the text.

🎯 Correct Answer: D (behaviour)


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Question 18

🔑 Keyword: vitamin and mineral
📍 Paragraph 5

📖 Text: “risk deficiencies in certain micronutrients”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
micronutrients → vitamins and minerals
deficiencies → deficiencies

The exact phrase “vitamin and mineral deficiencies” does NOT appear.

🎯 Correct Answer: C (deficiencies)


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Question 19

🔑 Keyword: maintaining nutritional
📍 Paragraph 5

📖 Text: “balanced meal design”

🧠 Paraphrase chain:
balanced → balance
balanced meal design → nutritional balance

The word “balance” alone does not appear as used in summary.

🎯 Correct Answer: H (balance)