​🏛️ فصل ۲۲: دولت و سیاست (Government & Politics)

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🔸 public policy

❌ Band 5: Government decisions.
✅ Band 8: Public policy shapes how resources are allocated in society.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Government role
· Speaking Part 3: Decision-making

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🔸 civic engagement

❌ Band 5: Citizen participation.
✅ Band 8: Civic engagement strengthens democracy and community bonds.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Society, Democracy
· Speaking Part 3: Volunteering

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🔸 political accountability

❌ Band 5: Leaders responsible.
✅ Band 8: Political accountability ensures elected officials serve public interests.
⚠️ Avoid: just voting

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Government, Trust
· Speaking Part 3: Leadership

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🔸 legislative process

❌ Band 5: Making laws.
✅ Band 8: The legislative process involves debate, amendment, and approval.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Government
· Speaking Part 3: How laws are made

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🔸 public expenditure

❌ Band 5: Government spending.
✅ Band 8: Public expenditure should prioritize education, health, and infrastructure.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Budget, Priorities
· Speaking Part 3: Taxes

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🔸 government transparency

❌ Band 5: Open government.
✅ Band 8: Government transparency reduces corruption and builds public trust.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Trust, Corruption
· Speaking Part 3: Information

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🔸 democratic participation

❌ Band 5: Voting and involvement.
✅ Band 8: Democratic participation extends beyond elections to civic discourse.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Democracy
· Speaking Part 3: Rights

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🔸 political system

❌ Band 5: Type of government.
✅ Band 8: Different political systems reflect cultural and historical contexts.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Comparison
· Speaking Part 3: Countries

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🔸 public sector

❌ Band 5: Government services.
✅ Band 8: The public sector employs millions in education, health, and administration.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Employment
· Speaking Part 3: Jobs

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🔸 policy making

❌ Band 5: Creating rules.
✅ Band 8: Policy making requires evidence, consultation, and careful planning.
⚠️ Avoid: quick decisions

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Process
· Speaking Part 3: Decision-making

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🔸 political stability

❌ Band 5: Stable government.
✅ Band 8: Political stability attracts investment and encourages economic growth.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Economy
· Speaking Part 3: Development

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🔸 government regulation

❌ Band 5: Rules by government.
✅ Band 8: Government regulation protects consumers and the environment.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Business, Protection
· Speaking Part 3: Control

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🔸 public services

❌ Band 5: Services for people.
✅ Band 8: Public services include healthcare, education, and transportation.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Welfare
· Speaking Part 3: Quality of life

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🔸 political representation

❌ Band 5: Leaders representing people.
✅ Band 8: Fair political representation ensures diverse voices are heard.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Democracy
· Speaking Part 3: Minorities

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🔸 government funding

❌ Band 5: Money from government.
✅ Band 8: Government funding supports essential services and infrastructure projects.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Budget
· Speaking Part 3: Priorities

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🔸 policy implementation

❌ Band 5: Applying new rules.
✅ Band 8: Policy implementation often faces challenges at local levels.
⚠️ Avoid: just making laws

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Effectiveness
· Speaking Part 3: Real-world application

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🔸 political reform

❌ Band 5: Changing politics.
✅ Band 8: Political reform aims to improve governance and reduce corruption.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Change
· Speaking Part 3: Improvements

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🔸 public administration

❌ Band 5: Running government.
✅ Band 8: Public administration implements government policies and delivers services.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Bureaucracy
· Speaking Part 3: Efficiency

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🔸 political discourse

❌ Band 5: Political discussion.
✅ Band 8: Healthy political discourse requires respect for opposing views.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Debate
· Speaking Part 3: Communication

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🔸 government accountability

❌ Band 5: Government responsible.
✅ Band 8: Government accountability mechanisms include audits and oversight committees.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Trust
· Speaking Part 3: Transparency

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