​🏙️ فصل ۲۵: شهرها و زندگی شهری (Cities & Urban Life)

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🔸 urban planning

❌ Band 5: City design.
✅ Band 8: Effective urban planning creates functional and livable cities.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Cities, Development
· Speaking Part 3: Design, Future

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🔸 population density

❌ Band 5: Many people in area.
✅ Band 8: High population density can strain infrastructure and services.
⚠️ Avoid: just crowded

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Urban problems
· Speaking Part 3: City life

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🔸 affordable housing

❌ Band 5: Cheap homes.
✅ Band 8: Affordable housing shortages affect low-income families most.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Housing crisis
· Speaking Part 3: Living costs

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🔸 public spaces

❌ Band 5: Parks and squares.
✅ Band 8: Well-designed public spaces encourage community interaction.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Community
· Speaking Part 3: Recreation

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🔸 gentrification

❌ Band 5: Area becoming fancy.
✅ Band 8: Gentrification often displaces long-term residents.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Urban change
· Speaking Part 3: Neighborhoods

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🔸 urban sprawl

❌ Band 5: City spreading.
✅ Band 8: Urban sprawl increases car dependency and pollution.
⚠️ Avoid: just growing

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Environment
· Speaking Part 3: Expansion

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🔸 infrastructure development

❌ Band 5: Building things.
✅ Band 8: Infrastructure development supports economic growth and quality of life.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Investment
· Speaking Part 3: Progress

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🔸 quality of life

❌ Band 5: How good life is.
✅ Band 8: Cities compete to offer better quality of life for residents.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Living standards
· Speaking Part 3: Happiness

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🔸 urban regeneration

❌ Band 5: Fixing old areas.
✅ Band 8: Urban regeneration projects revitalize declining neighborhoods.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Renewal
· Speaking Part 3: Improvement

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🔸 green spaces

❌ Band 5: Parks and nature.
✅ Band 8: Green spaces improve mental health and air quality in cities.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Environment
· Speaking Part 3: Health

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🔸 urban infrastructure

❌ Band 5: City facilities.
✅ Band 8: Aging urban infrastructure requires significant investment.
⚠️ Avoid: just roads

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Maintenance
· Speaking Part 3: Services

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🔸 residential areas

❌ Band 5: Where people live.
✅ Band 8: Residential areas need access to schools and shops.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Housing
· Speaking Part 1: Where you live

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🔸 urban migration

❌ Band 5: Moving to cities.
✅ Band 8: Urban migration puts pressure on city services and housing.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Population
· Speaking Part 3: Rural-urban

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🔸 city planning

❌ Band 5: Organizing cities.
✅ Band 8: Long-term city planning prevents future problems.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Development
· Speaking Part 3: Design

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🔸 urban sustainability

❌ Band 5: Green cities.
✅ Band 8: Urban sustainability balances growth with environmental protection.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Future
· Speaking Part 3: Environment

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🔸 municipal services

❌ Band 5: Local services.
✅ Band 8: Municipal services include waste collection and street lighting.
⚠️ Avoid: just government

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Local government
· Speaking Part 3: Daily life

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🔸 urban development

❌ Band 5: City growth.
✅ Band 8: Rapid urban development can outpace infrastructure.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Progress
· Speaking Part 3: Change

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🔸 housing affordability

❌ Band 5: Reasonable prices.
✅ Band 8: Housing affordability is a major concern in global cities.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Crisis
· Speaking Part 3: Young people

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🔸 urban design

❌ Band 5: How cities look.
✅ Band 8: Good urban design prioritizes pedestrians over cars.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Architecture
· Speaking Part 3: Beauty

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🔸 smart cities

❌ Band 5: High-tech cities.
✅ Band 8: Smart cities use technology to improve efficiency and services.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Technology
· Speaking Part 3: Future

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