⚖️ فصل ۲۱: جرم و قانون (Crime & Law)
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🔸 criminal justice system
❌ Band 5: Court and punishment system.
✅ Band 8: The criminal justice system aims to balance punishment with rehabilitation.
⚠️ Avoid: just prisons and courts
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Crime, Society
· Speaking Part 3: Law, Punishment
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🔸 juvenile delinquency
❌ Band 5: Young people commit crime.
✅ Band 8: Juvenile delinquency often stems from social and economic disadvantages.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Youth, Crime
· Speaking Part 3: Teenagers, Causes
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🔸 rehabilitation programs
❌ Band 5: Help criminals change.
✅ Band 8: Rehabilitation programs focus on education and skills training for offenders.
⚠️ Avoid: just punishment
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Prisons, Solutions
· Speaking Part 3: Second chances
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🔸 recidivism rates
❌ Band 5: Criminals offend again.
✅ Band 8: High recidivism rates indicate failure in rehabilitation efforts.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Crime statistics
· Speaking Part 3: Effectiveness
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🔸 deterrent effect
❌ Band 5: Fear stops crime.
✅ Band 8: The deterrent effect of punishment depends on certainty and severity.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Punishment, Psychology
· Speaking Part 3: Prevention
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🔸 law enforcement
❌ Band 5: Police and rules.
✅ Band 8: Effective law enforcement requires community trust and cooperation.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Crime, Society
· Speaking Part 3: Police, Safety
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🔸 legal framework
❌ Band 5: System of laws.
✅ Band 8: A robust legal framework protects citizens' rights and ensures justice.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Government, Rights
· Speaking Part 3: Laws
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🔸 victim support
❌ Band 5: Help for victims.
✅ Band 8: Victim support services provide counseling and legal assistance.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Crime, Welfare
· Speaking Part 3: After crime
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🔸 community service
❌ Band 5: Work instead of prison.
✅ Band 8: Community service orders benefit society while avoiding prison costs.
⚠️ Avoid: just volunteering
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Alternative punishment
· Speaking Part 3: Rehabilitation
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🔸 prison overcrowding
❌ Band 5: Too many prisoners.
✅ Band 8: Prison overcrowding leads to violence and inadequate rehabilitation.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Prison problems
· Speaking Part 3: Solutions
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🔸 white-collar crime
❌ Band 5: Business crime.
✅ Band 8: White-collar crime includes fraud, embezzlement, and insider trading.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Business, Ethics
· Speaking Part 3: Corporate crime
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🔸 organized crime
❌ Band 5: Criminal groups.
✅ Band 8: Organized crime networks operate across international borders.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Global issues
· Speaking Part 3: Serious crime
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🔸 crime prevention
❌ Band 5: Stopping crime.
✅ Band 8: Crime prevention strategies include education and community programs.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Solutions
· Speaking Part 3: Safety
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🔸 judicial system
❌ Band 5: Courts and judges.
✅ Band 8: An independent judicial system is essential for democracy.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Government, Rights
· Speaking Part 3: Justice
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🔸 criminal behavior
❌ Band 5: Why people commit crime.
✅ Band 8: Criminal behavior results from complex psychological and social factors.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Causes of crime
· Speaking Part 3: Psychology
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🔸 restorative justice
❌ Band 5: Fixing harm done.
✅ Band 8: Restorative justice brings offenders and victims together for healing.
⚠️ Avoid: just punishment
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Alternatives
· Speaking Part 3: Reconciliation
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🔸 legal representation
❌ Band 5: Having a lawyer.
✅ Band 8: Access to legal representation ensures fair trials for all.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Rights, Equality
· Speaking Part 3: Justice system
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🔸 wrongful conviction
❌ Band 5: Innocent in prison.
✅ Band 8: Wrongful convictions undermine public trust in the legal system.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Justice, Errors
· Speaking Part 3: Fairness
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🔸 criminal rehabilitation
❌ Band 5: Changing criminals.
✅ Band 8: Successful criminal rehabilitation reduces future offending.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Prisons
· Speaking Part 3: Second chances
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🔸 crime rate
❌ Band 5: Amount of crime.
✅ Band 8: Crime rates fluctuate based on economic and social conditions.
🎯 Use in:
· Writing Task 2: Statistics
· Speaking Part 3: Trends
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