Lesson 14 – Reported Speech (Advanced & Formal)
درس ۱۴ – نقل قول غیرمستقیم (پیشرفته و رسمی)

در سطح ادونس، Reported Speech فقط تغییر زمان نیست؛ بلکه شامل رسمیت، دقت و انتخاب ساختار مناسب برای نوشتار و گفتار رسمی است.


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1) Backshifting (تغییر زمان)

در نقل قول غیرمستقیم، زمان‌ها معمولاً به عقب منتقل می‌شوند.

Examples:

Direct: “I am leaving tomorrow,” she said.

Reported: She said that she was leaving the next day.
او گفت که روز بعد می‌رود.

Direct: “I have finished the project,” he said.

Reported: He said that he had finished the project.
او گفت که پروژه را تمام کرده است.



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2) Reporting Verbs (افعال گزارشی پیشرفته)

say → claim, suggest, announce, explain, emphasize

ask → inquire, request, recommend


Examples:

The manager claimed that the project was successful.
مدیر ادعا کرد پروژه موفق بود.

She recommended that we should start early.
او توصیه کرد که زود شروع کنیم.



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3) Reporting Questions

Yes/No questions: if/whether

Wh-questions: use question word


Examples:

Direct: “Where is the library?”

Reported: He asked where the library was.
او پرسید کتابخانه کجا بود.

Direct: “Did you finish the work?”

Reported: She asked if we had finished the work.
او پرسید آیا ما کار را تمام کرده‌ایم.



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4) Reporting Commands & Requests

Use infinitive: tell/request/advise/order + someone + to + verb


Examples:

He told me to wait outside.
او به من گفت بیرون منتظر بمانم.

She advised him to study harder.
او به او توصیه کرد سخت‌تر درس بخواند.



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5) Common Advanced Mistake

❌ He said me that he is tired.
✅ He told me that he was tired.


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Summary

Advanced Reported Speech باعث رسمیت، دقت و پیچیدگی ساختار جملات می‌شود و برای نوشتار آکادمیک و اسپیکینگ سطح بالا ضروری است.

سبد خرید