Lesson 14 – Reported Speech (Advanced & Formal)
درس ۱۴ – نقل قول غیرمستقیم (پیشرفته و رسمی)
در سطح ادونس، Reported Speech فقط تغییر زمان نیست؛ بلکه شامل رسمیت، دقت و انتخاب ساختار مناسب برای نوشتار و گفتار رسمی است.
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1) Backshifting (تغییر زمان)
در نقل قول غیرمستقیم، زمانها معمولاً به عقب منتقل میشوند.
Examples:
Direct: “I am leaving tomorrow,” she said.
Reported: She said that she was leaving the next day.
او گفت که روز بعد میرود.
Direct: “I have finished the project,” he said.
Reported: He said that he had finished the project.
او گفت که پروژه را تمام کرده است.
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2) Reporting Verbs (افعال گزارشی پیشرفته)
say → claim, suggest, announce, explain, emphasize
ask → inquire, request, recommend
Examples:
The manager claimed that the project was successful.
مدیر ادعا کرد پروژه موفق بود.
She recommended that we should start early.
او توصیه کرد که زود شروع کنیم.
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3) Reporting Questions
Yes/No questions: if/whether
Wh-questions: use question word
Examples:
Direct: “Where is the library?”
Reported: He asked where the library was.
او پرسید کتابخانه کجا بود.
Direct: “Did you finish the work?”
Reported: She asked if we had finished the work.
او پرسید آیا ما کار را تمام کردهایم.
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4) Reporting Commands & Requests
Use infinitive: tell/request/advise/order + someone + to + verb
Examples:
He told me to wait outside.
او به من گفت بیرون منتظر بمانم.
She advised him to study harder.
او به او توصیه کرد سختتر درس بخواند.
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5) Common Advanced Mistake
❌ He said me that he is tired.
✅ He told me that he was tired.
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Summary
Advanced Reported Speech باعث رسمیت، دقت و پیچیدگی ساختار جملات میشود و برای نوشتار آکادمیک و اسپیکینگ سطح بالا ضروری است.