​🚗 فصل ۱۳: حمل‌ونقل و سفر

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🔄 mobility patterns

❌ Band 5: People have travel habits.
✅ Band 8: Mobility patterns reflect urban design and socioeconomic factors.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Urban planning, Society
· Speaking Part 3: City life, Behavior

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🏗️ transport infrastructure

❌ Band 5: Roads and transport are important.
✅ Band 8: Transport infrastructure determines a city's efficiency and livability.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Government spending, Development
· Speaking Part 3: City planning, Investment

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🚦 traffic congestion

❌ Band 5: Traffic jams are common.
✅ Band 8: Traffic congestion results from imbalance between road capacity and vehicle demand.
⚠️ Avoid: temporary delays (❌ road work)

🎯 Use in:

· Speaking Part 1: Daily commute
· Writing Task 2: Urban problems, Solutions
· Speaking Part 3: City challenges

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🚌 public transit

❌ Band 5: Public transport is necessary.
✅ Band 8: Efficient public transit reduces private vehicle dependency and emissions.

🎯 Use in:

· Speaking Part 1: Getting around
· Writing Task 2: Environment, Urban living
· Speaking Part 3: Sustainable cities

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🔗 last-mile connectivity

❌ Band 5: The final distance matters.
✅ Band 8: Last-mile connectivity bridges gaps between transit stops and destinations.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Urban planning, Technology
· Speaking Part 3: Commuting, Solutions

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🌱 sustainable mobility

❌ Band 5: We need eco-friendly travel.
✅ Band 8: Sustainable mobility prioritizes walking, cycling, and public transport.
⚠️ Avoid: only electric cars (❌ just EVs)

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Environment, Future cities
· Speaking Part 3: Green living, Transportation

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🏙️ transit-oriented development

❌ Band 5: Building near transport is smart.
✅ Band 8: Transit-oriented development creates walkable communities around transit hubs.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Urban planning, Housing
· Speaking Part 3: City design, Communities

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🔄 intermodal transport

❌ Band 5: Using different transports helps.
✅ Band 8: Intermodal transport seamlessly integrates various transportation modes.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Logistics, Efficiency
· Speaking Part 3: Travel, Connections

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💰 congestion pricing

❌ Band 5: Traffic fees reduce cars.
✅ Band 8: Congestion pricing manages demand by charging for road use during peak hours.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Economics, Policy
· Speaking Part 3: Government solutions, Behavior change

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🚶 active transportation

❌ Band 5: Walking and cycling are healthy.
✅ Band 8: Active transportation provides both mobility and physical activity benefits.
⚠️ Avoid: exercise only (❌ weekend cycling)

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Health, Urban design
· Speaking Part 1: Daily habits
· Speaking Part 3: Lifestyle choices

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⚖️ transport equity

❌ Band 5: Everyone should have fair transport.
✅ Band 8: Transport equity ensures access for all socioeconomic groups.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Social justice, Planning
· Speaking Part 3: Fairness, Access

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📱 mobility as a service

❌ Band 5: Transport apps are convenient.
✅ Band 8: Mobility as a service integrates various transport options through digital platforms.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Technology, Innovation
· Speaking Part 3: Future trends, Digital life

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⏱️ transit efficiency

❌ Band 5: Transport speed matters.
✅ Band 8: Transit efficiency considers frequency, reliability, and coverage.
⚠️ Avoid: just speed (❌ fast trains)

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Performance, Quality of life
· Speaking Part 3: Systems, Improvement

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🏘️ urban mobility

❌ Band 5: City transport systems vary.
✅ Band 8: Urban mobility planning affects quality of life and economic productivity.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Cities, Development
· Speaking Part 3: Living in cities, Future

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♻️ transport decarbonization

❌ Band 5: We should reduce transport pollution.
✅ Band 8: Transport decarbonization is essential for climate change mitigation.

🎯 Use in:

· Writing Task 2: Climate change, Policy
· Speaking Part 3: Environment, Responsibility