​Expanded Vocabulary & Phrases – Writing Task 2

1️⃣ Linking Words / Cohesive Devices

برای اضافه کردن ایده / گسترش مطلب:

Moreover → برای اضافه کردن یک نکته دیگر

Example: “Moreover, public transport reduces traffic congestion.”


In addition → اضافه کردن نکته مکمل

Example: “In addition, it is more environmentally friendly.”


Furthermore → تأکید روی نکته‌ی مهم

Example: “Furthermore, investing in education improves productivity.”


Not only … but also → نشان دادن دو نکته همزمان

Example: “Not only does it reduce pollution, but it also saves money.”



برای مثال / شواهد:

For example → ارائه مثال واقعی

Example: “For example, Finland prioritizes education.”


For instance → مشابه above

Example: “For instance, Seoul’s metro system reduces congestion.”


Such as → اشاره به نمونه‌ها

Example: “Countries such as Japan and Germany focus on sustainability.”


A case in point → مثال واضح و قابل توجه

Example: “A case in point is Singapore’s public transport policy.”



برای تضاد / مخالفت:

However → نشان دادن تضاد

Example: “However, lack of interaction may hinder learning.”


On the other hand → بیان نقطه‌ی مقابل

Example: “On the other hand, online learning offers flexibility.”


Conversely → عکس آنچه گفته شد

Example: “Conversely, private cars contribute to pollution.”


Nevertheless / Nonetheless → با وجود این، اما

Example: “Nevertheless, investing in public transport is essential.”



برای نتیجه / نتیجه‌گیری:

Therefore → بنابراین

Example: “Therefore, governments should focus on education.”


Consequently → به همین دلیل

Example: “Consequently, commuting time is reduced.”


As a result → در نتیجه

Example: “As a result, productivity improves.”


Thus → بنابراین / به این ترتیب

Example: “Thus, public health benefits from cleaner air.”



برای جمع‌بندی / Conclusion:

In conclusion → جمع‌بندی اصلی

Example: “In conclusion, cooperation is more beneficial than competition.”


To sum up → خلاصه کردن نکات

Example: “To sum up, both solutions have merits, but education is priority.”


Overall → در کل

Example: “Overall, public transport investment is more practical.”


All in all → در مجموع

Example: “All in all, online learning has both pros and cons.”




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2️⃣ Opinion Phrases / Expressing Your View

I strongly believe that … → بیان نظر قوی

Example: “I strongly believe that education should be free for everyone.”


From my perspective → از دیدگاه من

Example: “From my perspective, public transport is more sustainable.”


I am convinced that … → مطمئن بودن از نظر خود

Example: “I am convinced that competition improves performance.”


In my opinion → نظر شخصی

Example: “In my opinion, cooperation is more valuable than competition.”


I personally support → حمایت شخصی

Example: “I personally support investment in renewable energy.”


It is my firm belief that … → باور راسخ

Example: “It is my firm belief that governments should prioritize education.”


I tend to think that … → بیان نظر نرم‌تر

Example: “I tend to think that space exploration is overrated.”


I would argue that … → بیان نظر با لحن استدلالی

Example: “I would argue that public transport reduces traffic effectively.”




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3️⃣ Phrases for Introducing Examples / Evidence

For instance / For example → مثال واقعی

Example: “For instance, London’s metro reduces congestion.”


Such as → اشاره به نمونه

Example: “Such as Germany and Japan.”


A good example of this is → نمونه مشخص

Example: “A good example of this is Finland’s education system.”


This can be seen in → شواهد واضح

Example: “This can be seen in the rise of online learning platforms.”


To illustrate → برای توضیح بیشتر

Example: “To illustrate, buses reduce the number of private cars on roads.”


Evidence suggests that → شواهد نشان می‌دهد

Example: “Evidence suggests that stricter traffic laws reduce accidents.”




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4️⃣ Phrases for Problems / Disadvantages

One major problem is … → مشکل اصلی

Example: “One major problem is traffic congestion in cities.”


A significant disadvantage is … → معایب مهم

Example: “A significant disadvantage is lack of face-to-face interaction.”

This leads to … → نتیجه مشکل

Example: “This leads to stress and reduced productivity.”


It causes … → باعث شدن

Example: “It causes environmental pollution.”


A drawback of … is … → نکته منفی

Example: “A drawback of online learning is social isolation.”


Another issue is … → مشکل دیگر

Example: “Another issue is limited internet access in rural areas.”


This can result in … → ممکن است منجر شود

Example: “This can result in poor academic performance.”




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5️⃣ Phrases for Solutions / Advantages

To solve this problem, … → راه حل

Example: “To solve this problem, governments can expand public transport.”


One possible solution is … → یکی از راه‌ها

Example: “One possible solution is to introduce congestion charges.”


A major advantage is … → مزیت اصلی

Example: “A major advantage is flexibility for students.”


This allows … → این اجازه می‌دهد

Example: “This allows citizens to travel efficiently.”


It helps to … → کمک می‌کند

Example: “It helps to reduce pollution and save time.”


Another benefit is … → مزیت دیگر

Example: “Another benefit is equal access to education.”


Implementing … can … → اجرا کردن … می‌تواند …

Example: “Implementing carpooling policies can decrease traffic.”




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6️⃣ Academic / Advanced Vocabulary

Urbanization → رشد شهرنشینی

Example: “Rapid urbanization leads to traffic congestion.”


Infrastructure → زیرساخت

Example: “Investing in transport infrastructure improves mobility.”


Sustainability → پایداری

Example: “Sustainability is a key factor in urban planning.”


Accessibility → دسترسی

Example: “Improving accessibility helps disadvantaged communities.”


Inequality → نابرابری

Example: “Education funding reduces social inequality.”


Productivity → بهره‌وری

Example: “Reducing commuting time increases productivity.”


Efficiency → کارایی

Example: “Efficient transport systems save time and resources.”


Interpersonal skills → مهارت‌های اجتماعی

Example: “Group work improves interpersonal skills.”


Carbon emissions → انتشار کربن

Example: “Reducing cars lowers carbon emissions.”


Holistic development → توسعه جامع

Example: “Education should focus on holistic development of students